{"id":7761,"date":"2022-02-25T09:00:48","date_gmt":"2022-02-25T08:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/?p=7761"},"modified":"2022-02-28T12:01:35","modified_gmt":"2022-02-28T11:01:35","slug":"how-to-measure-pollen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/how-to-measure-pollen\/","title":{"rendered":"How to measure pollen"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pollen exposure is one cause of asthma attacks for people prone to them. Breathing in pollen can also cause certain other respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, congestion, and a runny nose. Climate changing is constantly shifting pollen levels, changing the pollen season and in turn affecting human health. We often get the question: Can pollen be measured with sensors in real time? What kind of measurement technologies exist? What can be done to avoid pollen during its peak? Read on more to find out.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is pollen?<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pollen is produced as part of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ucanr.edu\/datastoreFiles\/268-743.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reproductive process<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of plants, specifically cone-bearing plants and flower-bearing plants. Cone-bearing plants produce pollen in pollen cores, while flower-bearing plants produce pollen in a section called anthers within the flower.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pollen grains have an adhering characteristic in order for insects visiting for nectar to pick them up and act as pollinators. Other methods of pollination include cross-pollination (pollen is carried to a flower of another plant to another species), self-pollination (a flower pollinates other flowers on the same plant), and wind pollination (release of pollen clouds into the air). Wind pollination is the main source of what causes all the allergy symptoms when the season peaks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Pollen counts as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/everything-to-know-about-particulate-matter\/\">particulate matter<\/a>, but most intact pollen grains are larger than 10 \u03bcm. Hence, their concentrations often don&#8217;t show in particulate matter levels such as PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> or PM<sub>10<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are the health effects of pollen?<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pollen is one of the possible triggers of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/climateandhealth\/effects\/pollen-health.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">asthma<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> attacks. People with hay fever (\u2018allergic rhinitis) can have symptoms such as sneezing, congestion, and runny nose from breathing in pollen. Other individuals can also experience allergic conjunctivitis, causing red, watery, or itchy eyes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pollen also <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12759483\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">interacts with the immune system<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly a certain number of cell types including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/lab-tests\/epithelial-cells-in-urine\/#:~:text=Epithelial%20cells%20are%20a%20type,%2C%20urinary%20tract%2C%20and%20organs.&amp;text=It's%20normal%20to%20have%20a,or%20other%20serious%20medical%20condition.\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epithelial cells<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; a type of cell that lines the surface of your body<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.immunology.org\/public-information\/bitesized-immunology\/cells\/dendritic-cells\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dendritic cells<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; a long \u2018tree-like\u2019 cell that are responsible for the initiation of adaptive immune responses\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.immunology.org\/public-information\/bitesized-immunology\/cells\/macrophages#:~:text=Macrophages%20are%20specialised%20cells%20involved,cytokines)%20that%20activate%20other%20cells.\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Macrophages<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; special cells involved in the detection and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/body\/22016-granulocytes#:~:text=Granulocytes%20are%20the%20most%20common,their%20granules%20to%20fight%20infection.\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Granulocytes<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; a common type of white blood cell<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All of these cells have the potential to play a significant role in initiating and regulating <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780323171229000135\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">airway inflammation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> following exposure to pollen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, pollen grains interact with environmental pollutants; an ongoing research area between air pollution and cardiovascular and respiratory deaths. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12759483\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traidl-Hoffmann and colleagues<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also state that environmental factors from natural and anthropogenic factors influence the aggravation and elicitation of allergic symptoms. This evidence is supported when a higher prevalence rate of allergies was shown in children regularly exposed to higher levels of urban air pollution exposure, especially to traffic emissions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lastly, a time-series analysis in the Netherlands found a strong association between the day-to-day variation in pollen concentrations and deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. This supports the view that airborne pollen concentrations seem to have far more effects on human health than previously thought.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How is climate change affecting pollen?<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why is pollen relevant and concerning? Increasing temperatures due to climate change cause shifts in seasons: milder autumn and winter, longer spring and summer times. This in turn starts the flowers to bloom earlier and for longer periods. Species of plants not previously native in the case of Germany are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/gesund.bund.de\/en\/climate-change-and-allergies#climate-change\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">establishing<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the rise in temperature. One such example is the ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), which originated in North America and came to Europe through globalization in trade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These findings are also consistent with research done in North America by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-92178-z#Sec5\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paudel and colleagues<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Upon analysis of pollen and mold concentrations in the San Francisco Bay area, there were ties between pollen seasons and observed climate variables. They also observed pollen and mold activities increasing outside their peak seasons, reasons being due to local change in land-use and rapid urbanization.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to measure pollen<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Several methods have been used to measure pollen around the world. Most of them are relying on manual sampling and sample analysis, however some new and innovative technologies are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecarf.org\/presse\/automatische-pollenmessung-ecarf-unterstuetzt-forschung\/\">piloting autonomous or semi-autonomous pollen measurement systems<\/a>. Here are some examples:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Melbourne pollen and count forecast (manual)<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.melbournepollen.com.au\/faqs\/how-are-pollen-counts-done\/#:~:text=An%20air%2Dsampling%20device%20called,each%20day%20and%20counted%20twice\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Burkard spore trap<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an air-sampling device that is used to catch airborne pollen on a glass slide, which is stained with a dye and counted using a microscope. Under the microscope, different types of pollen can be distinguished by a laboratory analyst in a manual process due to their <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vcbio.science.ru.nl\/en\/virtuallessons\/pollenmorphology\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unique shapes, color, and size<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The daily pollen count is a report of both grass and all kinds of pollen (as grains per cubic meter of air) caught in the trap in the previous hours. The Melbourne pollen and count forecast also compiles a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.melbournepollen.com.au\/faq-categories\/?category=Pollen%20Counting\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">comprehensive website <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that provides more information on grass pollen count and other FAQs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">American Council on science and health (manual)<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rotorod, a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.acsh.org\/news\/2016\/04\/01\/how-do-we-count-pollen-anyway\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">silicone grease-coated clear rod<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that tests the air on a schedule, usually over a 24 hour period. The pollen covered on the rod is then examined and calculated into amounts from low to high that makes sense to the general public. A <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pollen.com\/forecast\/current\/pollen\/49862\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">current pollen allergy forecast<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be followed to observe critical points during the day.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">German Research Center for Environmental Health (manual and automatic)<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pollenstiftung.de\/pollenvorhersage.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">German Pollen Information Service Foundation (PID)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides a German-wide measurement network consisting of 36 sites using the Hirst trap. The Hirst trap, also known as the Bukard trap, is a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecarf.org\/presse\/automatische-pollenmessung-ecarf-unterstuetzt-forschung\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pollen measurement device<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that determines pollen through a pollen analyst using a microscope. Additionally, a new automatic pollen measurement technologie is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecarf.org\/presse\/automatische-pollenmessung-ecarf-unterstuetzt-forschung\/\">being piloted<\/a> in Germany: A new BAA500 pollen meter automatically captures microscopic images of pollen and compares them to samples from an image database. The PID also provides a number of services that provide daily and weekly pollen counts as well as how to adjust activities during high counts.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to avoid pollen<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/allergies\/prevention\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">several actions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> you can take to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/community.aafa.org\/blog\/tips-for-preventing-allergic-reactions-to-tree-and-grass-pollen\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reduce allergic reactions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to pollen:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avoid grassy areas such as parks and fields, particularly in the morning and evening when the pollen count is at its peak.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Change and wash outdoor clothes after being outside in order to prevent pollen entering your home.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep windows closed at peak pollen times and ventilating with air conditioning also helps to prevent pollen in your home environment.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check weather reports for the pollen count and stay in-doors when advised to reduce outdoor activity, if possible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the relations of pollen and other air pollutants, monitoring environmental pollutants that can aggravate the symptoms of allergies is also an important step to be wary of.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/solutions\/urban-air-quality\/become-a-sensor-host\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Become a sensor host<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to bring real-time data information about other airborne pollutants right at your doorstep!<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pollen exposure is one cause of asthma attacks for people prone to them. Breathing in pollen can also cause certain other respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, congestion, and a runny nose. Climate changing is constantly shifting pollen levels, changing the pollen season and in turn affecting human health. We often get the question: Can pollen [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":7762,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,60,16],"tags":[107,146,122,47,108,264,263],"class_list":["post-7761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academy","category-air-quality-science","category-blog-posts","tag-air-pollutants","tag-air-pollution-2","tag-air-quality-monitoring","tag-measure-air-quality","tag-particulate-matter","tag-pm","tag-pollen"],"yoast_head":"<title>How to measure pollen - Breeze Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/how-to-measure-pollen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to measure pollen - Breeze Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pollen exposure is one cause of asthma attacks for people prone to them. Breathing in pollen can also cause certain other respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, congestion, and a runny nose. Climate changing is constantly shifting pollen levels, changing the pollen season and in turn affecting human health. We often get the question: Can pollen [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/how-to-measure-pollen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Breeze Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/breezetechnologies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-25T08:00:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-28T11:01:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/alex-jones-ZAoR6t7mvoM-unsplash-1620x1080.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1620\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Robert Heinecke\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@heinecke\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@projectbreeze\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Robert Heinecke\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Gesch\u00e4tzte Lesezeit\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5\u00a0Minuten\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/de\\\/blog\\\/how-to-measure-pollen\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/de\\\/blog\\\/how-to-measure-pollen\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Robert Heinecke\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/de\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/1e0a8a8e671c47a1d56f9926749a7432\"},\"headline\":\"How to measure pollen\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-25T08:00:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-28T11:01:35+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/de\\\/blog\\\/how-to-measure-pollen\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1104,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/de\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/de\\\/blog\\\/how-to-measure-pollen\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/alex-jones-ZAoR6t7mvoM-unsplash-scaled.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"air pollutants\",\"Air Pollution\",\"air quality monitoring\",\"measure air quality\",\"particulate matter\",\"pm\",\"pollen\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Academy\",\"Air Quality Science\",\"Blog Posts\"],\"inLanguage\":\"de\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/de\\\/blog\\\/how-to-measure-pollen\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.breeze-technologies.de\\\/de\\\/blog\\\/how-to-measure-pollen\\\/\",\"name\":\"How to measure pollen - 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Breathing in pollen can also cause certain other respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, congestion, and a runny nose. Climate changing is constantly shifting pollen levels, changing the pollen season and in turn affecting human health. 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