{"id":7380,"date":"2022-01-07T09:00:38","date_gmt":"2022-01-07T08:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/?p=7380"},"modified":"2022-01-07T19:54:31","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T18:54:31","slug":"sulphur-dioxide-so2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/sulphur-dioxide-so2\/","title":{"rendered":"Everything to know about Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sulphur dioxide (or: sulfur dioxide, SO<sub>2<\/sub>) is a key air pollutant considered vital for monitoring on various air quality guidelines and frameworks, such as the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/new-2021-who-air-quality-guideline-limits\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World Health Organization\u2019s<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Naturally, this means that we at Breeze Technologies have it on our <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/what-is-an-air-quality-index-how-is-it-calculated\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">air quality index (AQI)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Read on to find out more.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is sulphur dioxide?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/sulfur-dioxide\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sulphur dioxide<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (SO<sub>2<\/sub>) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a heavy, colourless, and poisonous gas with a pungent and irritating odour. Its smell is often described similar to that of a burnt matchstick. The gas <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/so2-pollution\/sulfur-dioxide-basics\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">forms secondary particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when it oxidizes to sulphuric acid <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(H<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) by combining with water vapour. It also reacts with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/ammonia-nh3\/\">ammonia (NH<sub>3<\/sub>)<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0to create another dangerous compound called ammonium sulphate ((NH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<sub>2<\/sub> also contributes to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/smog\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sulphurous smog<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which results from a high concentration of sulfur oxides (SO<sub>x<\/sub>) in the atmosphere and is exacerbated by dampness and particulate matter (PM).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What are sources of sulphur dioxide?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sulphur dioxide is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/so2-pollution\/sulfur-dioxide-basics\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">released into the atmosphere<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil) for domestic heating, transport (locomotives, ships), power plants, and other industrial facilities<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smelting mineral ores that contain sulphur (iron pyrite, copper pyrite)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Natural volcanic activity<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where do you find the world&#8217;s highest SO<sub>2<\/sub> concentrations?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The world\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-mena-stateless\/a372e5fe-so2-report-english.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sulfur dioxide hotspots<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India as the largest emitter of SO<sub>2<\/sub> in the world, contributing more than 21% of global emissions mainly coming from coal-based electricity generation.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Russia as the second largest emitter of SO<sub>2<\/sub>, causing approximately 12% of global emissions. Most of the SO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions stem from smelters (75%), followed by oil and gas (15%), and coal (10%).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China emitted approximately 8% of global SO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions &#8211; mainly stemming from its\u00a0 coal-fired power generation, which has the largest capacity in the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a relationship between nations\u2019 wealth and their emission trends: Less wealthy countries tend to have <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaece2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">faster sulfur dioxide emission growth rates <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while high-income countries tend to have slower growth rates.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is the health impact of sulphur dioxide?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As an irritant,\u00a0 sulfur dioxide can affect lung function and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/environment-and-health\/air-quality\/publications\/pre2009\/who-air-quality-guidelines-for-europe,-2nd-edition,-2000-cd-rom-version\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cause and worsen respiratory diseases<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in humans and animals. Some of SO<sub>2<\/sub>\u2019s direct health effects include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eye irritation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aggravation of asthma and chronic bronchitis<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inflammation of the respiratory tract (coughing, mucus secretion)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the long term, SO<sub>2<\/sub> exposure leads to an overall increase in hospitalization rates for cardiac diseases, and overall higher mortality rates.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is the environmental impact of sulphur dioxide?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As mentioned earlier, sulphur dioxide is capable of turning into sulphuric acid <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(H<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), which is a major component of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/acidrain\/what-acid-rain\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acid rain<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Acid rain has <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/acid-rain\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">many harmful effects<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acidifying aquatic ecosystems (lakes, streams, wetlands), which lowers biodiversity by killing plants and animals<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deforestation through the damaging of vegetation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depriving the soil of essential nutrients (calcium, aluminum, magnesium)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corroding buildings and materials<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How can sulphur dioxide emissions be lessened?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/eea-32-sulphur-dioxide-so2-emissions-1\/assessment-3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">implementation of targeted measures<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can reduce sulphur dioxide emissions. Some of them are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shifting from high-sulphur solid (coal) and liquid (heavy fuel oil) fuels to low-sulphur content fuels (natural gas)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Installing flue gas desulphurization abatement technology in industrial facilities<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limiting the sulphur content of transport (e.g. car) fuels<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Closing down older, less-efficient power plants<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/clean-air-actions\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">clean air actions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are only effective with proper monitoring. At Breeze Technologies, we offer both <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/solutions\/urban-air-quality\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">urban<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/solutions\/industrial-immission-monitoring\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">industrial<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> air quality monitoring and management solutions that provide real-time, hyperlocal ambient emissions data through our <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/air-quality-sensors\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower-cost sensors<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and our groundbreaking Environmental Intelligence Cloud. The insights presented allow you to track the short- and long-term successes of your clean air action programs and policies, thus making clean air a reality for all. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/contact\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contact us<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> today for more information!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sulphur dioxide (or: sulfur dioxide, SO2) is a key air pollutant considered vital for monitoring on various air quality guidelines and frameworks, such as the World Health Organization\u2019s. Naturally, this means that we at Breeze Technologies have it on our air quality index (AQI). Read on to find out more. What is sulphur dioxide? Sulphur [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":7381,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,60,16,175],"tags":[107,238,184,41,80,162,112],"class_list":["post-7380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academy","category-air-quality-science","category-blog-posts","category-breeze-technologies","tag-air-pollutants","tag-air-pollution-sources","tag-air-quality-science","tag-pollutants","tag-pollution-sources","tag-sulfur-dioxide","tag-sulphur-dioxide"],"yoast_head":"<title>Everything to know about Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) - Breeze Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/sulphur-dioxide-so2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Everything to know about Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) - Breeze Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sulphur dioxide (or: sulfur dioxide, SO2) is a key air pollutant considered vital for monitoring on various air quality guidelines and frameworks, such as the World Health Organization\u2019s. 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