{"id":4583,"date":"2020-11-27T09:00:18","date_gmt":"2020-11-27T08:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/?p=4583"},"modified":"2021-09-29T00:47:55","modified_gmt":"2021-09-28T22:47:55","slug":"health-impact-of-specific-air-pollutants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/health-impact-of-specific-air-pollutants\/","title":{"rendered":"The health impact of specific air pollutants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We breathe <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cleanair-europe.org\/en\/about-us\/\">15,000 litres of air<\/a> every day. Apart from the oxygen (O<sub>2<\/sub>) and nitrogen (N<sub>2<\/sub>) essential for survival, the atmosphere also consists of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/major-air-pollutants-their-impact-and-sources\/\">many harmful foreign substances<\/a>. When detectable, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/what-is-good-air-quality\/\">they are considered to be air pollution<\/a>. Air pollution is the greatest environmental risk to health, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/air-pollution#tab=tab_1\">killing 7 million worldwide every year<\/a>. In the first half of this series, we took a look at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/health-impact-of-indoor-and-outdoor-air-pollution\/\">the health impact of indoor and outdoor air pollution<\/a>. Now it is time to take a closer look at the specific health impact of the pollutants we inhale on a daily basis. <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"carbon-monoxide\">Carbon monoxide (CO)<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbon monoxide is a tasteless, odourless, colourless, and toxic gas. Upon entering the bloodstream, carbon monoxide <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK138710\/\">inhibits the body\u2019s ability to carry oxygen<\/a> to organs and tissues. As such, extremely high concentrations can cause death. Infants, the elderly, and those with heart and respiratory diseases are particularly susceptible to carbon monoxide poisoning.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"nitrogen-dioxide\">Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nitrogen dioxide is formed through the oxidation of nitric oxide with compounds like oxygen, ozone, and volatile organic compounds. The gas has been found to have <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/exceedances-of-air-quality-objectives\/health-aspects-of-air-pollution\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an adverse effect<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on lung function and the respiratory system, thus aggravating asthma effects and increasing the risks of stroke. It also <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone (O<sub>3<\/sub>), and forms secondary particulate matter (PM<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.5<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) when combined with other atmospheric compounds such as ammonia (NH<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ozone\">Ozone (O<sub>3<\/sub>)<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/ozone-o3\/\">Ground-level ozone<\/a> is a pale blue gas with a pungent smell. It is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/airpollution\/ambient\/pollutants\/en\/\">mainly formed through the photochemical reactions of other pollutants<\/a> such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x<\/sub>), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from strong sunlight and UV radiation. Long-term ozone exposure is responsible for <a href=\"https:\/\/ccacoalition.org\/en\/slcps\/tropospheric-ozone\">1 million premature deaths a year<\/a> due to respiratory complications. Chronic effects of ozone <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/exceedances-of-air-quality-objectives\/health-aspects-of-air-pollution\">include<\/a> aggravated lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis, decreased lung function, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"particulate-matter\">Particulate matter (PM)<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/air-pollution\/pollutants\/common-contaminants\/particulate-matter.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particulate matter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> consists of airborne liquid and solid particles. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/exceedances-of-air-quality-objectives\/health-aspects-of-air-pollution\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Primary particulate matter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is emitted from a direct source, while <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/exceedances-of-air-quality-objectives\/health-aspects-of-air-pollution\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">secondary particulate matter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is formed as a result of chemical and physical reactions with various compounds, including ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Particulate matter <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3367838\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/exceedances-of-air-quality-objectives\/health-aspects-of-air-pollution\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">been<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pm-pollution\/health-and-environmental-effects-particulate-matter-pm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">linked<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ccacoalition.org\/en\/slcps\/black-carbon\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reduced lung function, pneumonia, irregular heartbeats, heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. The extent of health damage caused by particulate matter is determined by the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/airpollution\/ambient\/pollutants\/en\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">size of the particles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Particles with a mass median diameter of less than 10 microns are called PM<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while particles with a mass median diameter of less than 2.5 microns are called PM<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.5<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> are also called fine particles. The smaller the particle, the higher the health risk, due to their ability to penetrate deep into the respiratory and circulatory systems, causing damage to the lungs, heart, and brain.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"sulfur-dioxide\">Sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/air-pollution\/pollutants\/common-contaminants\/sulphur-oxides.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sulphur dioxide<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a toxic gas with a pungent smell. It is an irritant, and can affect lung function and aggravate <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/environment-and-health\/air-quality\/publications\/pre2009\/who-air-quality-guidelines-for-europe,-2nd-edition,-2000-cd-rom-version\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pre-existing respiratory diseases<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like asthma. The gas also <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/so2-pollution\/sulfur-dioxide-basics\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">forms secondary particulate matter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (PM<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.5<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) when combined with other compounds such as ammonia (NH<sub>3<\/sub>) in the atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/main_air_pollutants_and_their_health_impacts.001.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4585 size-full lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/main_air_pollutants_and_their_health_impacts.001.png\" alt=\"Infographic: Main air pollutants and their health impacts\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/main_air_pollutants_and_their_health_impacts.001.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/main_air_pollutants_and_their_health_impacts.001-960x540.png 960w, https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/main_air_pollutants_and_their_health_impacts.001-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/main_air_pollutants_and_their_health_impacts.001-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/main_air_pollutants_and_their_health_impacts.001-1500x844.png 1500w, https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/main_air_pollutants_and_their_health_impacts.001-705x397.png 705w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1920px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1920\/1080;\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"ammonia\">Ammonia (NH<sub>3<\/sub>)<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/ammonia-nh3\/\">Ammonia<\/a> is a colourless, corrosive, and pungent gas. It <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyNET.exe\/2000FA20.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&amp;Client=EPA&amp;Index=1995+Thru+1999&amp;Docs=&amp;Query=&amp;Time=&amp;EndTime=&amp;SearchMethod=1&amp;TocRestrict=n&amp;Toc=&amp;TocEntry=&amp;QField=&amp;QFieldYear=&amp;QFieldMonth=&amp;QFieldDay=&amp;IntQFieldOp=0&amp;ExtQFieldOp=0&amp;XmlQuery=&amp;File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C95thru99%5CTxt%5C00000017%5C2000FA20.txt&amp;User=ANONYMOUS&amp;Password=anonymous&amp;SortMethod=h%7C-&amp;MaximumDocuments=1&amp;FuzzyDegree=0&amp;ImageQuality=r75g8\/r75g8\/x150y150g16\/i425&amp;Display=hpfr&amp;DefSeekPage=x&amp;SearchBack=ZyActionL&amp;Back=ZyActionS&amp;BackDesc=Results%20page&amp;MaximumPages=1&amp;ZyEntry=1&amp;SeekPage=x&amp;ZyPURL\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">irritates<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and can burn the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract if inhaled in small quantities. In larger quantities, ammonia is poisonous and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/si\/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NCEA&amp;direntryid=322470\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can have negative effects<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the respiratory system, which includes decreased lung function.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, ammonia <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Evaluating-the-Contribution-of-PM-2-.-5-Precursor-2-Hodan-Barnard\/29f2923b16b1e496233b6de6fe2b1bb13261ba39\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">forms secondary particulate matter (PM<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.5<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when combined with sulphates and nitrates in the atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"carbon-dioxide\">Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/carbon-dioxide\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbon dioxide<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a colourless greenhouse gas with a faint, sharp odour and a sour taste. Exposure to high levels of carbon dioxide <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/jul\/08\/indoor-carbon-dioxide-levels-could-be-a-health-hazard-scientists-warn\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has been linked<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to a decrease in cognitive performance and productivity, inflammation, kidney calcification, bone demineralization, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"methane\">Methane (CH<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Methane is a greenhouse gas and a volatile organic compound that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ccacoalition.org\/ar\/slcps\/methane\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has not been found<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to have any adverse health effects on humans. It is, however, a precursor to ground-level ozone (O<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"nitric-oxide\">Nitric oxide (NO)<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nitric oxide is a colourless, toxic gas. In low concentrations, it <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/nitric-oxide\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">functions as a signalling molecule<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Thus, the gas has been used for medical purposes, including regulating blood pressure and flow and treating impotence. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, nitric oxide <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/encyclopedia\/smog\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">combines with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to create ground-level ozone. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"volatile-organic-compounds\">Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/environment-and-health\/air-quality\/publications\/2014\/combined-or-multiple-exposure-to-health-stressors-in-indoor-built-environments\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volatile organic compounds<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> refer to a large group of carbon-containing substances including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and organic acids. While individual VOC levels tend to be moderate with no expected health effects, concentrations rise to concerning levels after construction works and renovations. Many individual VOCs <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.umweltbundesamt.de\/en\/topics\/health\/environmental-impact-on-people\/chemical-substances\/volatile-organic-compounds-voc#what-health-impacts-can-vocs-have\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">have been shown<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and teratogenic effects on humans. Milder symptoms are characterized by headaches, fatigue, loss of productivity, and sleep disorders, which altogether could be summarized as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/indoor-air-quality-iaq\/indoor-air-facts-no-4-sick-building-syndrome\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cSick Building Syndrome<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d. More <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/indoor-air-quality-iaq\/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality#Health_Effects\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">serious health effects include<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> damage to the liver, kidney, and central nervous system, and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/environment-and-health\/air-quality\/publications\/2014\/combined-or-multiple-exposure-to-health-stressors-in-indoor-built-environments\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cancers<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like leukemia and lymphoma.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The more reactive VOCs <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/environment-climate-change\/services\/air-pollution\/pollutants\/common-contaminants\/volatile-organic-compounds.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">combine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with nitrogen dioxide (NO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) to form ground-level ozone (O<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), and contribute to creating secondary particulate matter (PM<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.5<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>What can be done about air pollution?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Government policies and regulations are only effective with accurate, reliable environmental data. Similarly, the first step to improving air quality is to improve a baseline to measure successes against. Breeze Technologies\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/air-quality-sensors\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">high-end, lower-cost sensors<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> measure for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/major-air-pollutants-their-impact-and-sources\/\">all major air pollutants<\/a> that impact human health, while our proprietary <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/solutions\/urban-air-quality\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental Intelligence Cloud<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> analyzes and reports the information for easy integration in municipal management processes. By identifying the best practices available for optimization and success, we help create more livable, healthier environments for all.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We breathe 15,000 litres of air every day. Apart from the oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) essential for survival, the atmosphere also consists of many harmful foreign substances. When detectable, they are considered to be air pollution. Air pollution is the greatest environmental risk to health, killing 7 million worldwide every year. In the first [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4588,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,60,16],"tags":[107,40,113,114,110,78,95,115,116,109,111,108,112,65,117],"class_list":["post-4583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academy","category-air-quality-science","category-blog-posts","tag-air-pollutants","tag-air-quality","tag-ammonia","tag-carbon-dioxide","tag-carbon-monoxide","tag-health","tag-indoor-air-quality","tag-methane","tag-nitric-oxide","tag-nitrogen-dioxide","tag-ozone","tag-particulate-matter","tag-sulphur-dioxide","tag-urban-air-quality","tag-volatile-organic-compounds"],"yoast_head":"<title>The health impact of specific air pollutants - Breeze Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/health-impact-of-specific-air-pollutants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The health impact of specific air pollutants - Breeze Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We breathe 15,000 litres of air every day. Apart from the oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) essential for survival, the atmosphere also consists of many harmful foreign substances. When detectable, they are considered to be air pollution. Air pollution is the greatest environmental risk to health, killing 7 million worldwide every year. 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