{"id":3904,"date":"2022-03-18T09:00:08","date_gmt":"2022-03-18T08:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/?p=3904"},"modified":"2022-03-18T16:25:42","modified_gmt":"2022-03-18T15:25:42","slug":"connection-between-different-air-pollutants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/connection-between-different-air-pollutants\/","title":{"rendered":"The connection between the different air pollutants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When it comes to the subject of air pollution, not many people realize that the different air pollutants are very much interconnected. Reactions between various compounds under the right circumstances will form different pollutants, thus exacerbating air pollution.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ammonia (NH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/ammonia-nh3\/\">Ammonia<\/a> is capable of forming <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uk-air.defra.gov.uk\/library\/aqeg\/publications\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">secondary particulate matter (PM<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.5<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by reacting with sulfuric acids (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atmospheric nitric acids (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HNO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022030211003006\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to form particulate ammonium sulfate ((NH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) ammonium nitrate (NH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This occurs through a process called nucleation, where the gaseous molecules of ammonia condense to form either liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere. There are two types of nucleation: Heterogeneous nucleation is where newly-formed molecules combine with existing ones to create larger particles, while homogeneous nucleation is where newly-formed molecules combine with each other to form entirely new particles.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sulfur dioxide (SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/sulphur-dioxide-so2\/\">Sulfur dioxide<\/a> can <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/how-air-pollution-causes-acid-rain\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">produce acid rain<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It reacts with water, oxygen, and other substances to form airborne sulfuric acid (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which then spreads across the atmosphere and falls down to earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, or fog.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sulfur dioxide is also a precursor to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uk-air.defra.gov.uk\/library\/aqeg\/publications\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">secondary particulate matter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The gas undergoes homogeneous nucleation by first oxidizing into sulfuric acid. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4 <\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can then undergo binary nucleation with water vapour or ternary nucleation with water vapour and ammonia to form particulate droplets of sulfate.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nitrogen oxides (NO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/major-air-pollutants-their-impact-and-sources\/#nitrogen-oxides\">Nitrogen oxides<\/a>, the term for compounds consisting of nitrogen and oxygen including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/nitrogen-monoxide-no\/\">nitrogen monoxide (NO)<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/nitrogen-dioxide-no2\/\">nitrogen dioxide (NO<\/a><\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can produce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/how-air-pollution-causes-acid-rain\/\">acid rain<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Similar to SO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, these compounds react with water, oxygen, and other substances to form airborne nitric acids (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HNO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which combine with precipitation to form acid rain.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In ambient conditions, nitrogen monoxide <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK138707\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rapidly oxidizes with other components<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to form nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide is also a precursor to<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/ozone-o3\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ground-level ozone (O<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ozone is a secondary pollutant &#8211; that means it is typically not directly emitted from emission sources. NO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> molecules absorb energy in the presence of heat and light, causing their physical and chemical properties to change and react with other existing air pollutants, forming ozone as a result. This process is called a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/photochemical-reaction\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">photochemical reaction<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nitrogen oxides are capable of forming <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uk-air.defra.gov.uk\/library\/aqeg\/publications\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">secondary particulate matter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as well. The gases go through a chemical process known as nucleation by condensing into liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere. NO<sub>x<\/sub> oxidizes to become nitric acid (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HNO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) and reacts with either NH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to form particulate ammonium nitrate (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NH<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) or with sodium chloride (NaCl) to form particulate sodium nitrate (NaNO<\/span><sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/sub><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volatile organic compounds (VOC)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/blog\/volatile-organic-compounds-voc\/\">Volatile organic compounds<\/a> are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ozone-pollution-and-your-patients-health\/what-ozone\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a precursor to ground-level ozone<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. By absorbing heat and light, they undergo what\u2019s called a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/photochemical-reaction\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">photochemical reaction<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with existing air pollutants to form ozone.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Volatile organic compounds are also capable of forming <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/uk-air.defra.gov.uk\/library\/aqeg\/publications\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">secondary particulate matter<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The compounds oxidize in the atmosphere to create secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), which in turn contribute to the existence of organic carbon (CO) in PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Are you interested in learning more about air quality and air pollution? Check our our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/academy\/\">Air Quality Academy<\/a> for more information on the different air pollutants, their relationships, associated impacts and on what can be done to curb air pollution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When it comes to the subject of air pollution, not many people realize that the different air pollutants are very much interconnected. Reactions between various compounds under the right circumstances will form different pollutants, thus exacerbating air pollution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3909,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,60,16],"tags":[107,146,113,280,116,109,256,267,257,261,262,266,162,112,239,117],"class_list":["post-3904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academy","category-air-quality-science","category-blog-posts","tag-air-pollutants","tag-air-pollution-2","tag-ammonia","tag-nh3","tag-nitric-oxide","tag-nitrogen-dioxide","tag-nitrogen-monoxide","tag-nitrogen-oxides","tag-no","tag-no2","tag-nox","tag-so2","tag-sulfur-dioxide","tag-sulphur-dioxide","tag-voc","tag-volatile-organic-compounds"],"yoast_head":"<title>The connection between the different air pollutants - Breeze Technologies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.breeze-technologies.de\/de\/blog\/connection-between-different-air-pollutants\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The connection between the different air pollutants - Breeze Technologies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When it comes to the subject of air pollution, not many people realize that the different air pollutants are very much interconnected. 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